Govt. First Grade College, Harapanahalli (Karnataka)

Course Summery Document

ü  Brief Description about the Course

Course Aims and Summary

●      This course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of various advanced topics in physics and their applications in modern technology and computing.

●      It explores the fundamental concepts of laser physics, optical fibers, quantum mechanics, and quantum computation, offering students a broad perspective on the principles underlying these fields and their practical applications.

●      Additionally, the course covers the physics of animation, semiconductors, and superconductors, emphasizing their roles in contemporary computing technologies.

●      The practical component includes laboratory experiments and simulations to reinforce theoretical knowledge through hands-on experience, thereby preparing students for careers in scientific research, engineering, or advanced technology sectors.

Course Content

Unit 1: Communication and Networking: Laser and Optical Fibers

Lasers: Characteristic properties of a LASER beam, Interaction of Radiation with Matter, Einstein’s A and B Coefficients and Expression for Energy Density, Laser Action, Population Inversion, Metastable State, Requisites of a laser system, Semiconductor Diode Laser, Application: Laser Printer, Bar Code Scanner. Numerical Problems.

Optical Fiber: Principle and Structure, Propagation of Light, Acceptance angle and Numerical Aperture (NA), Expression for NA, Classification of Optical Fibers, Attenuation and Fiber Losses, Application: Fiber Optic Communication. Numerical Problems.

Unit 2: Quantum Mechanics: de Broglie Hypothesis and Matter Waves, de Broglie wavelength and expression by analogy, Phase Velocity and Group Velocity, Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle, Wave Function, Time independent Schrödinger wave equation, Physical Significance of a wave function and Born Interpretation, Expectation value, Eigenfunctions and EigenValues. Numerical problems.

Unit 3: Quantum Computation: Quantum Computing: Principles of Quantum Information & Quantum Computing: Introduction to Quantum Computing, Moore’s law & its end, Differences between Classical & Quantum computing. Concept of qubit and its properties. Representation of qubit by Bloch sphere. Single and Two qubits. Extension to N qubits.

Matrix Magic: Dirac's Approach to Quantum Computing: Matrix representation of 0 and 1 States, Identity Operator I, Applying I to|0⟩and |1⟩ states, Pauli Matrices and its operations on |0⟩and |1⟩ states, Explanation of i) Conjugate of a matrix and ii) Transpose of a matrix. Unitary matrix U, Examples: Row and Column Matrices and their multiplication (Inner Product), Probability, Quantum Superposition, normalization rule. Orthogonality, Orthonormality. Numerical Problems.

Quantum Gates: Single Qubit Gates: Quantum Not Gate, Pauli – X, Y and Z Gates, Hadamard Gate, Phase Gate (or S Gate), T Gate

Multiple Qubit Gates: Controlled gate, CNOT Gate, (Discussion for 4 different input states). Representation of Swap gate, Controlled -Z gate.

Unit 4: Physics of Animation: Taxonomy of physics-based animation methods, Frames, Frames per Second, Size and Scale, Weight and Strength, Motion and Timing in Animations, Constant Force and Acceleration, The Odd rule, Odd-rule Scenarios, Motion Graphs, Examples of Character Animation: Jumping, Parts of Jump, Jump Magnification, Stop Time, Walking: Strides and Steps, Walk Timing. Numerical Problems.

Unit 5: Semiconductors and Superconductors for Computing Applications:                                          

Semiconductors: Fermi level in Intrinsic and extrinsic Semiconductor, Expression for the concentration of electrons in conduction band & holes concentration in valance band, Relation between Fermi energy and energy gap in intrinsic semiconductors, Hall effect, Expression for Hall coefficient and its application.

Superconductors: Introduction to Super Conductors, Temperature dependence of resistivity, Meissner’s Effect, Critical Field, Temperature dependence of Critical field, Types of Super Conductors, BCS theory (Qualitative), Quantum Tunnelling, High-Temperature superconductivity, Josephson Junctions (Qualitative), DC and RF SQUIDs (Qualitative), Applications on Qubits. Numerical Problems.

Practical Component: 

1. Physics lab 1: Optical Fiber
2. Physics lab 2: Laser Diffraction
3. Physics lab 3: Fermi Energy
4. Physics Lab 4: Photodiode
5. Physics Lab 5: Energy gap of Semiconductor
6. Physics Lab 6: Simulation Exp1
7. Physics Lab 7: Simulation Exp2
8. Physics Lab 8: Spread Sheet Activity 

ü  Assessment and Evaluation Details:

ü  Evaluation:

Distribution of marks:   SEE (Theory)              : 40 marks,

Practical                      : 10 marks,

Internal Assessment   : 50 marks

Grading Criterion: Based on total marks scored grade is Awarded. If marks scored is:

• ·       91 and above O (outstanding);
•      81-90: A+ (Excellent);
•      71-80: A (Very Good);
•      61-70: B+ (Good);
•      51-60 : B (Above Average);
•      40 -50: C (Average);
•      below 40: D (Not satisfactory).

·       If one scores D grade, the candidate is required to re-register for the course if he/she wants to earn the credit at his/her own convenience

Assessment Details (both CIE and SEE):

The weightage of Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE) is 60% and for Semester End Exam (SEE) is 40%. A student shall be deemed to have satisfied the academic requirements and earned the credits allotted to each subject/ course if the student secures a minimum of 40% (40 marks out of 100) in the sum of the CIE and SEE taken together.

Continuous Internal Evaluation (CIE):

·       Three quizzes each of 5 Marks (10 mins) which comprises the CO1. Finally, the sum of 3 quizzes will be considered and marks will be finalized for 15 marks.

·       Three IAs each of 25 Marks (duration 01 hour) which comprises the CO2 and CO3 with the weightage of CO2- 10 marks and CO3- 15 marks in each IAs. Finally, by considering 3 IAs, test marks will be finalized for 25 marks.

Assignment Details and Practical- Based Learning

·       Assessments (total 20 marks); comprise the CO4 and CO5. It includes two activities (each of 5 marks) and practical-based learning (for 10 marks). One activity, Group discussion is planned for 5 marks (Rubrics is attached in Annexure-I) and other one, Assignment (Group)-report is planned for 5 marks (Rubrics is attached in Annexure-II). Finally, the sum of 2 activities will be considered and marks will be finalized for 10 Marks.

·       Practical-based learning (PrBL) comprises the CO6 with a weightage of 10 marks. 5 marks for lab CIE and another 5 marks for Lab IA.

i)         Practical CIE includes evaluation of each experiment performed by a student by considering 5 marks for each experiment (Conduction=3 marks, Record = 2 marks). Evaluation will be done for 8 experiments that are for 40 marks (Annexure-II), then scaled down to 5 marks.

ii)       2 Practical IAs (duration 02 hours) shall be conducted each for 20 marks (Annexure-III) and then scaled down to 5 marks.

Semester End Examination (SEE):

Theory SEE will be conducted by the University as per the scheduled timetable, with common question papers for the subject (duration 03 hours).

·       The question paper shall be set for 80 marks.

·       The question paper will have 12 questions. There may be a sub-question in each question. The students must answer 6 full questions, selecting one full question. The student must answer for 80 marks and marks scored out of 80 shall be proportionally reduced to 40 marks.

Suggested Reading:

Text Book:

•        Engineering Physics by Gupta and Gour, Dhanpat Rai Publications, 2016 (Reprint).

•        A Textbook of Engineering Physics- M.N. Avadhanulu and P.G. Kshirsagar, 10th revised Ed, S. Chand. & Company Ltd, New Delhi, 2021.

References:

•        Arthur Beiser, Concepts of Modern Physics, McGraw Hill, 7th edition 2017.

•        V. Rajendran, Engineering Physics, Tata McGraw Hill Company Ltd., New Delhi -2012

•        Solid State Physics, S O Pillai, New Age International Private Limited, 8th Edition, 2018.

•        Lasers and Non-Linear Optics, B B Loud, New Age International, 2011 edition.

•        Introduction to Superconductivity, Michael Tinkham, McGraw Hill, INC, II Edition, 1996

•        Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, Michael A. Nielsen & Isaac L. Chuang, Cambridge Universities Press, 2010 Edition.

  Other Resources

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115102023/L01.html

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115101092/L01.html

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115106121/L01.html

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115102124/L01.html

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115107095/L01.html

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115102103/L01.html

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115105099/L75.html

•          https://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/115103108/L01.html